Gua Sha involves the application of oils to the skin, a specially designed ‘gua sha board’ is then lightly scraped over the skin, the effect is similar to that of cupping.

Moxibustion involves burning herbs, commonly mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), over certain points or areas of the body. This serves the function of warming, increasing Qi and blood flow, strengthening the energy and relieving pain. It is applied in a number of different ways such as a moxa stick, like a large cigar, which is held over the area, or on the end of an acupuncture needle. It can also be burned directly on the skin, in the form of cones, in this case it is removed before any burning of the skin occurs. Many find the warming sensation from moxibustion a very pleasant experience.

This involves the use of oils and creams, all with different functions; some are warming, some cooling, some have a strong moving effect on Qi and blood, others are more gentle. Applied to the skin as part of some treatments, they are especially effective for muscle pains and the early stages of colds.